The Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code (BPVC) developed by the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) is one of the most widely recognized standards systems internationally,ASME SA-192,ASTM A192Application: Seamless carbon steel boiler and superheater tubes designed for high-pressure service

The heat treatment objectives of carbon steel pipes can be categorized into four types,with each type corresponding to a distinct process window:① Remodeling the structure (normalizing,full annealing),Heat the steel to 30-50℃ above Ac₃ to re-austenitize it,and then cool it at different speeds to

The microstructure of austenitic stainless steel is face-centered cubic austenite,and this structure itself isnon-ferromagnetic,At the same time,because no phase transformation occurs during cooling,itcannot be hardened by heat treatment like martensitic stainless steel; its strength can only be

The term "duplex" in duplex stainless steel refers to a microstructure composed of two distinct crystal phases: austenite (γ-phase) and ferrite (α-phase),Rather than consisting of a single phase,the material is a composite in which these two phases coexist,🧬 Defining "Duplex": Austenite + Ferrite

Eddy Current Testing (ET): Based on the principle of electromagnetic induction, this method is suitable for electrically conductive materials. It is highly sensitive to defects on or near the surface of steel pipes. Offering rapid inspection speeds and ease of automation, it is the preferred choice